> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://wiki.greatcollaboration.uk/knowledgebase/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://wiki.greatcollaboration.uk/knowledgebase/events/banter-sessions-inc-table-of-all-sessions/banter-137-16sep26-engineering-our-way-out-of-climate-change-102-with-graham-stoddart-stones.md). # Banter 137: 16Sep26 Engineering our way out of Climate Change 102, with Graham Stoddart-Stones climate change solutions, carbon-storing concrete, forests and fungal networks in carbon sequestration, carbon capture in grasslands versus forests {% embed url="" %} **Video Timeline:** 00:00 - 36:26 Presentation 36:26: 53:30 (end) Q & A *** #### Presentation: {% embed url="" %} You are welcome to view or download (click on menu icon, second from right, above) this presentation. A markdown version (text only) is available at the bottom of this page *** #### Meeting Summary: Sep 16, 2026 11:58 AM LondonID: 834 5460 8536 ### Quick recap The meeting focused on climate change solutions and the need to redesign current practices to reduce greenhouse gases. Graham presented on various topics,including the potential of carbon-storing concrete, and the importance of forests and fungal networks in carbon sequestration. He discussed technological advancements like solar potential mapping, geothermal energy, and battery storage. The conversation also covered the challenges of implementing changes, such as the complexity of land use decisions and the need for education to overcome resistance. Participants like Frank and David Newman shared insights on the nuances of carbon capture in grasslands versus forests and the potential uses of agricultural waste. The discussion emphasised the availability of technology and the importance of community and individual actions, such as reducing food waste and adopting composting toilets. ### Next steps #### Frank * Reach out to the organizers behind the Halloween hire and party packs in Yatton to find out who is running the initiative and how they operate. #### Graham * Prepare and deliver future presentations on specific topics mentioned, including ocean chemistry and biochar, for the group. * Incorporate the point about the potential of gardens to act as carbon sinks and for biodiversity into future presentations or discussions. ### Summary #### Climate Change Strategies Discussion Graham discussed strategies for addressing climate change, emphasizing the need for multiple approaches rather than single solutions. He explained that while reducing greenhouse gas emissions is important, removing existing gases is also necessary, highlighting that land and food contribute significantly to greenhouse gases through methane and nitrous oxide emissions. Graham apologized for not having prepared a fully developed presentation due to recent animal emergencies and noted that some of the content might be familiar to attendees from previous meetings. #### Energy Storage Technology Presentation Graham presented a chart showing indicators for energy solutions, categorizing them by timeline and readiness. He discussed MIT's research on carbon black concrete, which can store electricity and measure stress in materials, with its capacity increasing tenfold in two years. Graham explained that this technology could potentially provide enough energy storage for a home in a basement built with carbon black concrete. #### Forest Management and Renewable Energy Graham discussed the importance of forests, particularly highlighting the "fungal internet" - the largest living thing on planet consisting of plant root systems that communicate and store carbon. He explained how forests can be managed for regular timber supply while maintaining carbon storage, and emphasised the benefits of clean electricity generation including recent progress in wind, solar, and ocean power. Graham demonstrated the new Ordnance Survey National Geographic Database which shows solar potential for buildings at the parish level, using a Somerset village example to illustrate how communities can assess and plan solar panel installations. #### Clean Energy Technology Innovations Graham discussed various clean energy technologies including geothermal power from deep rock formations, energy storage solutions like iron-air batteries and thermal storage using sand and stone, and the development of long-lasting battery-powered sensors for environmental monitoring. He mentioned that a bulk carrier ship is transitioning to full electric operation in 2031 and shared insights about how altering aircraft flight paths can reduce contrail formation, noting that thin clouds like contrails trap more heat than they reflect back into space. Graham also highlighted the efficiency benefits of heat pumps, which can generate three to five units of heat from one unit of electricity. #### Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Solutions Graham discussed various solutions for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and environmental impact, including the use of clean hydrogen for steel production, capturing carbon in concrete, and detecting methane leaks using satellites. He emphasized the importance of reducing excess fertilizer use through satellite imaging and drone technology to minimize runoff and algae blooms. Graham also highlighted the need for dietary changes, particularly reducing meat consumption, and mentioned the use of sterile insects for pest control instead of pesticides. He concluded by discussing the importance of hedgerows in promoting biodiversity and reducing erosion and water runoff. #### Climate Solutions and Technology Discussion Graham discussed various technologies and practices for reducing carbon emissions and water usage, including hedgerow planting, sewage recycling using reverse osmosis, composting toilets, and food waste reduction. He emphasized the importance of education in adopting new technologies and highlighted the need for nuanced approaches in farming and land management. The group discussed the complexity of implementing climate solutions, with Frank noting the importance of considering local ecosystems and David Newman sharing insights on agricultural waste utilization. The conversation concluded with agreement on the central role of education in overcoming resistance to new practices and technologies. *** #### Chat: 00:09:57 Jane Whild: Hello, I have to leave at 12.40! \ 00:25:48 David Newman: There are already battery ferries across the River Plate. \ 00:27:53 David Newman: Enthalpy \ 00:38:18 David Newman: Desalinating seawater is very expensive. \ 00:39:51 David Morgan-Jones: 🧪 Pollutant Removal A standard residential RO system is actually a multi-stage process that combines sediment filters, carbon filters, and the RO membrane. Together, they target different pollutant classes: \[1, 2] Pollutant CategoryﾠExamplesﾠRemoval Effectiveness Heavy MetalsﾠLead, Arsenic, Mercury, Chromium-6ﾠ95% – 99% Dissolved Salts & MineralsﾠSodium, Chloride, Fluoride, Calciumﾠ95% – 99% Chemicals & Organic MatterﾠNitrates, PFAS ("forever chemicals"), Pesticidesﾠ90% – 98% Emerging ContaminantsﾠMicroplastics, Pharmaceuticalsﾠ>99% \ 00:40:05 Jane Whild: The water transfer schemes would have less water to move if we all moved to composting toilets? \ 00:43:25 Jane Whild: Thank you Graham. I have to leave. I will watch the end on catch up. See you soon. *** #### Audio-transcript: 106 \ 00:09:22.300 --> 00:09:39.040 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: Let me just say good day to Jane. Nice to see you, and I ought to get going, because people have got timetables, and there's lots of slides to go through, and a few people haven't turned up yet, but they may not do so, so I'll get into it. I'll start, first of all, with an apology. 107 \ 00:09:39.040 --> 00:09:48.109 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: Because, I've been away for the last few days because of these animal emergencies, and, therefore haven't actually written the… 108 \ 00:09:50.180 --> 00:10:09.910 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: the ideal, presentation that I was aiming towards, so I apologize, some of this will be, a little bit familiar, to people who were here a couple of weeks ago, but, woo, okay, we get on with Jane, who's got a timetable problem. But, my apologies, but let's race on, and we'll see where we get to. 109 \ 00:10:13.240 --> 00:10:15.589 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: Well, I think we're here, 110 \ 00:10:23.420 --> 00:10:29.249 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: Let's so you're going to slideshow on top of the slide. All right, so we're seeing my slide? 111 \ 00:10:30.960 --> 00:10:45.150 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: So, what I'm suggesting, and here is an idea, is that we need to redesign what we're doing at the moment to make the best advantage of what is already in place, and we will discuss some new stuff as well, but, 112 \ 00:10:45.270 --> 00:10:52.460 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: If we were designing the world to get rid of the issues that we've got with climate change, how would we do it? 113 \ 00:10:52.950 --> 00:11:05.740 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: And, we'd say that there isn't a single, solution, but we need lots of people working together on different, events so that they all come together as a reduction in heat 114 \ 00:11:06.560 --> 00:11:21.870 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: So, the main tasks are, whatever you are doing, stop adding, more climate gases. So, you know, if you're driving a petrol-driven car, switch it. If you're, 115 \ 00:11:22.060 --> 00:11:38.969 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: creating a lot of waste food, try and solve that. If you're eating beef, strawpping that, all sorts of things to stop actually adding to the problem. If the problem is… if you're already creating gases, then what can you do about it? And… 116 \ 00:11:39.290 --> 00:11:47.130 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: you can certainly start removing the greenhouse gases, because the latest edict from the Climate Change Committee is that 117 \ 00:11:47.250 --> 00:11:55.470 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: just stopping, creating new greenhouse gases is not going to solve the problem. We do have to start removing. 118 \ 00:11:57.080 --> 00:12:07.349 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: So, this is a common chart, I'm sure you all know this, but I like to sort of take the numbers and say, we're talking about, sort of, this particular problem, because it's large. 119 \ 00:12:08.120 --> 00:12:18.620 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: And so, generating heat, obviously, is fairly substantial. Transport is pretty substantial, but one of the largest, much to everyone's amazement, is 120 \ 00:12:18.800 --> 00:12:23.869 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: That land and food are a major contributor to the greenhouse gases. 121 \ 00:12:26.030 --> 00:12:34.359 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: And what you've got needs different solutions. So CO2, obviously, we all know comes from, using, 122 \ 00:12:35.570 --> 00:12:38.130 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: Oil-based, issues. 123 \ 00:12:38.420 --> 00:12:41.330 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: People tend to forget about methane, 124 \ 00:12:41.750 --> 00:12:50.300 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: Coming from, animals, cows, coming from the tundra as they, the frozen lands… 125 \ 00:12:51.080 --> 00:12:56.329 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: Release the peat underneath, in particular, will release more methane. 126 \ 00:12:56.410 --> 00:13:16.140 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: And, ditto, nitrous oxide, which comes from fertilizer, goes back to that one I was saying about the land creating so much of the problem. Both CH4 and N2O are hugely more of a problem than CO2, alright? I mean, everyone knows about CO2, because it's the big factor that's out there. 127 \ 00:13:16.370 --> 00:13:25.090 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: But the potency of methane and nitrous oxide is far greater, and therefore, although they are smaller in terms of volume. 128 \ 00:13:25.210 --> 00:13:28.109 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: They are equally deadly in terms of, 129 \ 00:13:28.350 --> 00:13:35.260 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: Precisely. And then we've got all the refrigerant gases, the fions and so forth, that we need to 130 \ 00:13:35.390 --> 00:13:37.310 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: Change to something different. 131 \ 00:13:38.910 --> 00:13:41.320 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: So… 132 \ 00:13:43.630 --> 00:13:49.270 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: This slide is one of the ones that I would have removed, because I've forgotten why I wrote it. 133 \ 00:13:50.890 --> 00:13:52.830 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: I'm sure it's very useful. 134 \ 00:13:53.500 --> 00:13:58.939 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: And the indicators in this chart are basically, 135 \ 00:13:59.900 --> 00:14:09.339 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: We're looking to see what can be done now, what can be done in the next decade, and then what can be done afterwards, and where do we stand in cost. 136 \ 00:14:09.760 --> 00:14:11.600 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: and certainty. 137 \ 00:14:12.080 --> 00:14:20.549 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: And then the readiness factor is, are we actually doing it? Is it… has it reached the demo stage, or is it still sitting in the laboratory as somebody's idea? 138 \ 00:14:21.810 --> 00:14:24.160 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: So… 139 \ 00:14:24.390 --> 00:14:42.020 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: Some of this is what I touched on last time, but basically, it would be something new, wouldn't it, to think of your house as a power station, where it can generate more energy than it needs, it can store the excess, and it can provide it back when you need it. 140 \ 00:14:42.020 --> 00:14:50.080 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: And the excess can also be, sent elsewhere to deal with your… to help out your neighbors, or your, 141 \ 00:14:50.100 --> 00:14:52.600 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: EV cars, or whatever it happens to be. 142 \ 00:14:54.550 --> 00:15:07.840 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: So, this again is, sorry, I'm just going to nip through this, because it was the one I talked about last week, but MIT has been working on how can we make concrete more useful in the terms of climate change. 143 \ 00:15:08.110 --> 00:15:11.579 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: The problem with wind and solar, of course, is they aren't always there. 144 \ 00:15:11.930 --> 00:15:15.349 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: But the electricity you need all the time. 145 \ 00:15:15.820 --> 00:15:29.880 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: And suppose the concrete itself stored electricity. So, they're doing this with… this is a slide I slowed last time, but basically, MIT has come up with a mixture of carbon black going into concrete, 146 \ 00:15:30.930 --> 00:15:31.720 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: And… 147 \ 00:15:31.920 --> 00:15:41.329 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: It… not only does it, help store concrete, it works as a large capacitor or a supercapacitor, but also enables you to measure 148 \ 00:15:41.470 --> 00:15:50.069 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: the stress in the material, so you can actually have a built-in gauge that tells you whether your house is going to fall down, which I think can be very useful. 149 \ 00:15:50.870 --> 00:15:52.679 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: And it… and it works. 150 \ 00:15:53.250 --> 00:15:55.799 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: And in the last 2 years. 151 \ 00:15:56.160 --> 00:16:02.440 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: They've increased its capacity by a factor of 10, so it's a bit like the way that, 152 \ 00:16:02.890 --> 00:16:14.689 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: the cost of solar panels has come down by 90% since they first started, and so this thing is going up, it's multiplied by 10 in just a couple of years. So, what will it be as they keep going? 153 \ 00:16:15.480 --> 00:16:16.670 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: So… 154 \ 00:16:17.260 --> 00:16:30.849 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: the idea is that if you, build this carbon black concrete into your basement, then one wall would be sufficient to store the electricity you need for a home. So if you've got, you know, a four-wall 155 \ 00:16:30.910 --> 00:16:41.560 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: And a ceiling basement, all built in concrete, then you could have plenty of energy capacity to store it, and send it to other people, should you wish to. 156 \ 00:16:43.910 --> 00:16:46.330 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: The oldest certified carbon machine 157 \ 00:16:46.680 --> 00:17:02.999 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: arguably is a tree. I think other people would say it's the ocean, but, it's where you go. Then trees, in forests are much more than just, places to sequester carbon, right? Because at the same time, they also, 158 \ 00:17:03.280 --> 00:17:12.450 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: give you oxygen, shade, habitat, they have homes for lots of animals, wonderful for bugs. I was reading this morning about, 159 \ 00:17:13.069 --> 00:17:22.569 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: something that they call, I think they're calling it now, the fungal internet, but the largest living thing on the planet is indeed the sort of all the roots 160 \ 00:17:22.670 --> 00:17:27.300 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: And the systems of all the plants and the flowers in the world, 161 \ 00:17:27.569 --> 00:17:46.539 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: And they all interact with each other. They interlace, they touch, they send a message saying, I've got water, but have you got food, and vice versa. And they all talk to each other. And we're talking about quadrillions of miles of nerve endings, if you will, all talking to each other across the planet. It's the largest single living thing. 162 \ 00:17:46.590 --> 00:17:51.390 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: That we have, and a wonderful source of storing carbon. 163 \ 00:17:52.970 --> 00:17:57.760 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: So, all these things you can do in a forest. So, we all know that forests are important. 164 \ 00:17:59.800 --> 00:18:06.169 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: And you've got to look after them, a bit like, Corsham was saying last week, that you've got to, 165 \ 00:18:06.640 --> 00:18:18.509 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: You can arrange your forests so that they produce a regular supply of timber, which in his case he wanted to use for buildings, but as long as you don't burn it, then of course the carbon stays locked up. 166 \ 00:18:20.030 --> 00:18:29.389 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: And there are all sorts of different things that you can do to, change the way the planet is operating, just by what you… you plant. 167 \ 00:18:29.600 --> 00:18:31.170 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: And where you plant it. 168 \ 00:18:32.810 --> 00:18:39.959 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: And so you, you need to break up the chances of fire, you need to break up the dark and snowy areas with, 169 \ 00:18:40.290 --> 00:18:45.699 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: Planting, agroforestry, if you like, so that you mitigate 170 \ 00:18:45.930 --> 00:18:49.409 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: The… the dark side of this feature. 171 \ 00:18:51.390 --> 00:19:00.780 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: So… Here is the enormous amount of carbon stored in the ocean. The question is, what… 172 \ 00:19:01.110 --> 00:19:06.069 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: if anything, is there that you can do to increase that? And we'll touch on that in a second. 173 \ 00:19:08.080 --> 00:19:23.519 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: And, I think, again, I knew in this slide, that basically the more we switch to electricity, provided that we're generating it cleanly, then the more good we're doing everybody, including ourselves, because the costs should come hurtling down. 174 \ 00:19:24.320 --> 00:19:31.540 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: You probably… everyone knows that last year, we generated more than half of our electricity. 175 \ 00:19:31.760 --> 00:19:35.729 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: from… Wind and solar, and ocean. 176 \ 00:19:37.800 --> 00:19:49.180 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: They are… Working out ways of vastly improving the, Efficiency of the solar cells. 177 \ 00:19:49.670 --> 00:19:57.929 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: And we're now getting able to stack them on top of each other, or at least stack the layers, so as to get more power out of the same area. 178 \ 00:19:59.520 --> 00:20:00.350 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: Then… 179 \ 00:20:01.420 --> 00:20:09.139 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: big developments in this area, because, you can buy SolarWizard and ask them to generate, how much 180 \ 00:20:09.900 --> 00:20:13.440 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: Capacity that exists in your community or on your house. 181 \ 00:20:13.720 --> 00:20:25.049 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: or the Ordnance Survey is now, producing the NGD, which is actually called the National Geographic Database. I'm sorry I caught this one short, which is now available to those of you who use 182 \ 00:20:25.070 --> 00:20:38.160 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: parish online. We're going to see a couple of examples of that working. But basically, at the parochial level, at parishes, or towns, or even communities, you can work out which are the best roofs 183 \ 00:20:38.280 --> 00:20:39.510 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: for, 184 \ 00:20:40.610 --> 00:20:58.319 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: putting solar roofs on, and it used to be a manual thing, but now it's much more automatic, which is really good. So, here is an example. You've got a little village, in this case, in Somerset, and every single building now has a solar potential. 185 \ 00:20:58.320 --> 00:21:09.639 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: judgment on it. So, the colors… I'll get you to a legend shortly which shows you what they mean, but basically, reds are residential buildings, blue are, commercial. 186 \ 00:21:09.940 --> 00:21:11.839 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: Or, or non-residential. 187 \ 00:21:12.460 --> 00:21:20.710 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: And then the color coding tells you what the potential is, and then the database will tell you whether you've actually got solar panels on that roof yet or not. 188 \ 00:21:20.950 --> 00:21:23.379 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: So, if we go on to the next slide. 189 \ 00:21:24.090 --> 00:21:31.369 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: I've looked at one of these buildings, and it tells me that it's got a potential of 15 kilowatt hours. 190 \ 00:21:31.830 --> 00:21:45.979 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: It's an ancillary building, and it does not have any solar panels. So, you could very quickly build up a picture of your community and find out just what the potential power that you can generate is there. 191 \ 00:21:46.210 --> 00:21:59.719 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: And this will all go into a later presentation about the resilience that it gives you. If you are independently powered in your entire community, that is a huge bonus when things go wrong. 192 \ 00:22:00.780 --> 00:22:08.990 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: And then, just to show you the color coding, so that you get a view of just what the capacity is from the colors out there. 193 \ 00:22:09.150 --> 00:22:24.530 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: And these are the buildings that are non-residential, and then these are all the residential ones. But lots of really useful data generated by Ordnance Survey, and available to people who want to use it. 194 \ 00:22:26.070 --> 00:22:26.980 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: So… 195 \ 00:22:28.280 --> 00:22:39.710 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: There is a new… people have now worked out how to drill in much narrower, holes, so they can go down deeper, more quickly, because they're not removing as much material. 196 \ 00:22:40.010 --> 00:22:48.649 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: And then they're getting down to several miles down, where they're getting rock that is so warm that it can generate steam very easily. 197 \ 00:22:49.050 --> 00:22:56.120 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: So again, it's another source of non-polluting, non-toxic electricity. 198 \ 00:22:58.360 --> 00:23:08.840 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: People are now working on fun things in the laboratory, so there's… Form Energy is already commercializing batteries, just out of iron and air. 199 \ 00:23:11.080 --> 00:23:20.879 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: You can store the energy in almost anything nowadays, so you can store it in forms of heat, or you can store it in forms of compressed gases. 200 \ 00:23:21.270 --> 00:23:25.080 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: Or you can just, use gravity. 201 \ 00:23:25.510 --> 00:23:34.670 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: To, help you in really long shafts. You know, the weight of the material that you're storing is useful at the bottom. 202 \ 00:23:36.400 --> 00:23:37.280 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: And… 203 \ 00:23:37.690 --> 00:23:49.540 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: examples of where it's being done. So, Finland has already got a way of using sand and stone to store heat, and of course, Finland needs more heat than many places. 204 \ 00:23:49.760 --> 00:23:55.989 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: Vanillium flow is, going to run for 30 years. 205 \ 00:23:56.140 --> 00:24:06.279 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: Which I think is worth investigating if you're looking to do community energy, and you want to store community energy, then these are the sorts of things that are useful. 206 \ 00:24:06.550 --> 00:24:08.540 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: And then… 207 \ 00:24:08.820 --> 00:24:25.319 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: A lot of what we're doing in climate change nowadays involves sensors that will tell you what's happening, you know, what is my carbon generation, and what is the availability of… sorry, what is the percentage of gases? Lots of sensors needed. 208 \ 00:24:25.320 --> 00:24:29.160 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: And now you can get long-lived batteries to power them. 209 \ 00:24:29.440 --> 00:24:43.769 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: So, we're not talking big battery storage, we're talking little microwatt devices, but that's all you need to run many of the sensors that… it's really useful to stick them up on a pole and forget about them, because you don't need to get power to them. 210 \ 00:24:43.880 --> 00:24:53.699 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: And you're not dependent upon a solar panel that may or may not operate if there's been a sort of a volcanic cloud covering the sun for the last week or two. 211 \ 00:24:54.240 --> 00:25:02.410 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: Just all the things that are getting better towards enabling us to be more survivable and to be, more… 212 \ 00:25:02.600 --> 00:25:05.170 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: Or rather less polluting. 213 \ 00:25:06.630 --> 00:25:13.890 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: So, how are things developing? Can you now run a ship entirely on batteries? Well, I did see yesterday 214 \ 00:25:14.210 --> 00:25:18.750 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: that, somebody is building a cruise liner. 215 \ 00:25:18.870 --> 00:25:23.609 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: Which will be entirely running on batteries. So that… that has been laid down. 216 \ 00:25:23.820 --> 00:25:27.520 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: But this is a bulk carrier that does exist, it's up and running. 217 \ 00:25:27.670 --> 00:25:32.399 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: At the moment, it's using hybrid power. 218 \ 00:25:32.540 --> 00:25:42.829 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: But they're expecting to switch it to full electric operation, in a couple… in 2031. So, it's up and running, it is, moving in, 219 \ 00:25:43.740 --> 00:25:46.530 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: grain, actually, I think, at the moment. 220 \ 00:25:46.680 --> 00:25:51.740 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: And, running along on batteries, or hybrid most of the time. 221 \ 00:25:52.810 --> 00:26:03.760 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: I spent a few weeks earlier this year in Norway on a hybrid ferry, and it was just marvelous. Very quiet, very clean, no smoke. 222 \ 00:26:05.500 --> 00:26:19.649 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: I did touch on this one in the last show, so my apologies for repeating this, but, if we can just change the altitudes or the routes that jet aircraft are flying, then we can stop them generating, contrails. 223 \ 00:26:19.880 --> 00:26:26.729 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: Tristan asked last time, why does a cloud of contrails, 224 \ 00:26:28.990 --> 00:26:44.949 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: trap heat rather than reflect the heat back into the atmosphere. So, I had to look that up for him and came to the conclusion it depends upon the thickness of the cloud. Thin stuff like cirrus or contrails reflects, less heat 225 \ 00:26:44.950 --> 00:26:54.129 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: back into the atmosphere, sorry, into the space, then it does store the heat below by not letting, hot air rise. So… 226 \ 00:26:54.380 --> 00:27:04.249 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: If you have big, thick clouds, like Coumaris, for some strange reason, they're much better at reflecting the light, so they actually do, increase the albedo of the 227 \ 00:27:04.410 --> 00:27:06.680 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: The planet, but thin clouds don't. 228 \ 00:27:06.960 --> 00:27:14.580 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: So there is this substantial effect you can have just by rerouting aircrafts where they stop forming contrails. 229 \ 00:27:18.800 --> 00:27:30.519 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: Changing the flights, bringing them down a few hundred feet, used a bit more fuel, but it certainly saved a lot more pollution than the fuel increased. 230 \ 00:27:32.650 --> 00:27:48.179 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: Again, I think everybody knows that one of the big reasons for switching to heat pumps is that they multiply the number of units that you put in effectively. So one unit of electricity in generates somewhere between 3 and 5 units of heat moved. 231 \ 00:27:48.540 --> 00:27:51.720 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: And they're moving heat rather than generating it. 232 \ 00:27:56.310 --> 00:28:08.330 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: tell this to the Welsh miners, but yes, if we can get clean hydrogen, and of course a lot of people are now working on hydrogen, you don't need any coal to create your steel. 233 \ 00:28:08.500 --> 00:28:11.319 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: And you have nice, clean water as the byproduct. 234 \ 00:28:13.870 --> 00:28:25.080 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: And they're now working on, what happens if you… Put carbon dioxide into 235 \ 00:28:25.730 --> 00:28:38.199 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: concrete. And the answer is, is that you can capture carbon that way, and then as the concrete, cures, the whole thing dismineralizes and becomes no longer 236 \ 00:28:38.370 --> 00:28:41.270 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: A carbon-producing problem. 237 \ 00:28:44.010 --> 00:28:44.940 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: So… 238 \ 00:28:45.370 --> 00:28:55.270 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: If people are looking for quick fixes, or how are we going to get there much more efficiently than anything else, then the methane leaks are the big one, and the last… 239 \ 00:28:55.560 --> 00:29:05.489 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: slide I showed on this one says that they've now got satellites which will detect the leaks, more or less instantly. 240 \ 00:29:05.490 --> 00:29:18.539 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: I think they said it takes a day or so to pick up a methane leak, as opposed to the months that it used to take, when people would have to send an engineer around with a sensor to check if anything was leaking anywhere, but now they can do it by satellite. 241 \ 00:29:18.720 --> 00:29:30.710 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: Which means that, provided you can get the oil companies to do their part, then we should be able to reduce the leaks, not only quickly, but very efficiently. So, without much 242 \ 00:29:31.040 --> 00:29:33.209 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: Extra money being involved. 243 \ 00:29:33.320 --> 00:29:37.939 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: You can reduce what we're polluting the atmosphere with. 244 \ 00:29:38.650 --> 00:29:43.460 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: Excess fertilizer, again, we're back to the, 245 \ 00:29:43.610 --> 00:29:46.469 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: Issue now where farmers can be taught 246 \ 00:29:46.710 --> 00:29:54.720 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: With satellite images or, drone images, where they actually need fertilizer and how much. 247 \ 00:29:55.060 --> 00:30:09.750 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: So, as they get better and better devices to help them squirt the right amount of fertilizer at the right plant, according to the diagram generated by the drone or the satellite. 248 \ 00:30:09.810 --> 00:30:21.620 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: Then they're helping reduce this awful runoff that we get at the moment of nitrogen going into the water of our streams and creating all the algae blooms and so forth that we see. 249 \ 00:30:21.740 --> 00:30:32.639 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: Contrails, I've mentioned, and wasted energy is self-evident, of course, but again, you can use your satellites and so forth to see where 250 \ 00:30:32.700 --> 00:30:46.620 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: There's too much heat being used, or too much being lost, so you can walk around with your infrared camera and show people just where their houses are radiating heat, and it comes as a substantial astonishment to quite a lot of people. 251 \ 00:30:52.140 --> 00:31:06.830 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: This diagram, I'm just sort of keeping quiet to let people read, the words, because if you've got 8 billion people on the planet, and a substantial percentage of them decide that, growing cattle is indeed 252 \ 00:31:06.920 --> 00:31:14.760 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: Probably the least effective way of using the available land and vegetation. Then maybe they should just stop eating. 253 \ 00:31:14.870 --> 00:31:17.769 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: Cows, or sheep. 254 \ 00:31:20.020 --> 00:31:35.929 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: I don't suggest you go entirely vegetarian or vegan, but I think that it's going to have to come, that we're all going to have to change our diets, and the more that we can set examples and help people, and say that I've moved to a non-beef or non-sheep 255 \ 00:31:36.580 --> 00:31:44.020 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: diet, and look at the effect. It hasn't reduced my stature one inch, aha! Or whatever. 256 \ 00:31:48.390 --> 00:31:49.400 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: So… 257 \ 00:31:51.840 --> 00:32:09.439 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: 38% of our available land is used for the production of food, but the food generates somewhere between 23% and 40% of our greenhouse gases. So, the more that we can do, to reduce those, then, of course, the more effectively we're using that 38%. 258 \ 00:32:09.720 --> 00:32:12.880 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: And… 259 \ 00:32:13.770 --> 00:32:26.410 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: I think, again, people are familiar with the numbers. Something like a third of food that we generate, it just disappears in waste, which I find extraordinary, but nevertheless, those are the numbers that we're being given. 260 \ 00:32:26.770 --> 00:32:27.780 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: So… 261 \ 00:32:36.620 --> 00:32:44.000 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: So, we're back to where I was telling you about how you can apply a lot less nitrogen. 262 \ 00:32:44.660 --> 00:32:47.830 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: And I… 263 \ 00:32:48.070 --> 00:32:54.870 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: When I lived in Somerset, I was astonished to find that the neighbor who lived in the house across from me 264 \ 00:32:55.090 --> 00:33:02.530 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: He ran a… he was part of a business that advised farmers all over the world 265 \ 00:33:02.760 --> 00:33:04.310 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: That they didn't need. 266 \ 00:33:04.420 --> 00:33:13.369 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: to use any weed killer at all. That they had the bugs that would do the job without dreadful side effects. 267 \ 00:33:13.570 --> 00:33:19.709 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: So they can produce these sterile insects that will come along and eat all your, pests. 268 \ 00:33:20.010 --> 00:33:30.370 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: And then they've done their job, and so they, they sort of drop dead. They don't generate any new ones. They've just done the task they were sent out to do, and that's it. 269 \ 00:33:30.450 --> 00:33:40.670 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: And you can't help feeling that it's a bit hard on the poor old insects that you're, saying, please go out there, eat yourself to death, and that's it. But, 270 \ 00:33:40.810 --> 00:33:45.789 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: On the other hand, if it stops us putting all this pesticide 271 \ 00:33:45.940 --> 00:33:56.379 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: That we're using at the moment, with all the problems of, affecting water, and having to be cleaned, and all the wasted money that goes into that, the better. 272 \ 00:33:57.580 --> 00:34:10.360 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: Again, hedgerows, people, I think, are getting the message, even the British government now is paying people to increase the mileage of hedgerows around the country. So, we're getting there. 273 \ 00:34:10.570 --> 00:34:25.230 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: But not only does it generate diversity and homes for a much wider range of animals, but it also has a lot to do with erosion and water runoff. 274 \ 00:34:25.230 --> 00:34:31.010 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: The more you can slow the water runoff, then the less you get in terms of floods. 275 \ 00:34:31.280 --> 00:34:41.490 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: Again, I'm sorry I'm not saying anything that isn't blindingly obvious to everybody, but this isn't really the presentation I expected to come up with today. 276 \ 00:34:42.500 --> 00:34:56.360 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: So, again, we mentioned a couple of weeks ago that we are the worst in Europe for biodiversity and the richness of our animal and bird life, and therefore we need to 277 \ 00:34:56.840 --> 00:35:11.379 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: do a lot to improve it, and hedgerows are a major part of that. You read a lot about people who want to plant trees, but not so many, I don't think, that suggest actually hedgerows are probably a better use of the land. 278 \ 00:35:15.780 --> 00:35:25.909 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: this is particularly pertinent to me on the Isle of Wight, because we are served by Southern Water, and Southern Water, is running out of 279 \ 00:35:25.910 --> 00:35:41.539 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: fresh water to provide us with our fresh water. They are being banned from using certain rivers in Hampshire, and a lot of the water used by the Isle of Wight comes from Hampshire. It comes in pipes underneath the Solent, and so… 280 \ 00:35:41.540 --> 00:35:55.309 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: Southern Water is desperate to find other sources, and what they have decided they're going to do is to recycle, the sewage here on the island into completely fresh water. 281 \ 00:35:55.410 --> 00:36:01.799 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: And you will not be surprised that they've come up against an army of objections, but, 282 \ 00:36:02.790 --> 00:36:09.309 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: The technique that they're using has not been tried in the UK before, but is, 283 \ 00:36:09.380 --> 00:36:26.189 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: an old technology, if you will, using membranes, that is being used all over the rest of the world. It's just the UK that has decided that they hadn't wanted to use it here now, and Southern Water is saying, okay, we'll build the first one. 284 \ 00:36:27.000 --> 00:36:36.480 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: And then… Obviously, the water will have to pass all sorts of tests, and they're listing those here, but… 285 \ 00:36:36.730 --> 00:36:46.929 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: I have a sympathy for the water companies, and obviously they're, lousy at doing their job, and they've been very, what's the word? 286 \ 00:36:47.200 --> 00:36:57.670 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: obscure about how and why they're pouring sewage into the rest of our country, or that… and you have to think also, how can we get round that? It's no good just… 287 \ 00:36:57.840 --> 00:37:03.699 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: Arguing with the water companies as what we've got to do is help them get to where they should, where we want them to be. 288 \ 00:37:03.980 --> 00:37:09.650 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: And, if this is the sort of plant that's going to help, then I think we ought to give it a try. 289 \ 00:37:09.650 --> 00:37:12.549 \ David Morgan-Jones: Graeme, are they using reverse osmosis to do that? 290 \ 00:37:12.550 --> 00:37:13.270 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: Yes. 291 \ 00:37:13.910 --> 00:37:19.319 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: Yes. I would have thought that it was in great use in this country, but apparently not. 292 \ 00:37:19.320 --> 00:37:36.249 \ David Morgan-Jones: I was going to ask if that, well, A, doing the sewage, I suppose, makes sense from a purely, logical perspective, but why… why not create a reverse osmosis plant, and feed seawater through it? 293 \ 00:37:37.600 --> 00:37:41.270 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: I don't know enough about it, I'm afraid. 294 \ 00:37:41.270 --> 00:37:48.710 \ David Morgan-Jones: Because that's what they do in most of the Middle East countries. Most of their water comes from reverse, desalination, reverse osmosis plants using seawater. 295 \ 00:37:48.710 --> 00:37:53.990 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: But they tend to have much less expensive, energy available. 296 \ 00:37:53.990 --> 00:37:54.979 \ David Morgan-Jones: Yeah, that's true. 297 \ 00:37:54.980 --> 00:38:00.180 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: They've got sunlight, and they've got oil, which is all running these things. 298 \ 00:38:00.460 --> 00:38:13.450 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: So, it's a balance like always, isn't it? You can do it, but it's going to take something in terms of energy, or more pollution, or more power, whatever it happens to be. It's never that simple. 299 \ 00:38:13.450 --> 00:38:21.440 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: But yes, I think reverse osmosis of seawater makes a lot of sense. There tends to be quite a lot of seawater around here. 300 \ 00:38:22.160 --> 00:38:32.700 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: So, what I was saying earlier about what happens if you change the actions of 8 billion people, or a large percentage of them, we had a… 301 \ 00:38:32.960 --> 00:38:35.740 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: presentation, 302 \ 00:38:36.150 --> 00:38:50.020 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: about 3 weeks ago on composting toilets, and the lady who was presenting it had put one in her house, and she said she can't understand why, everybody doesn't do it. It's, it works beautifully, it's, 303 \ 00:38:50.320 --> 00:39:11.499 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: reducing her water bill, by an average, I think she's saying, of 100 pounds a year, which doesn't sound a lot until you work out how much water is involved in £100 worth, and it's a huge volume of water. Something like, 40 liters a day, I think, is tended to be used in houses just to flush poo away. 304 \ 00:39:11.690 --> 00:39:28.679 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: And if you don't use it, then that's 40 liters that you saved. Multiply that by 8 billion, and all of a sudden, you're talking a lot of water. And of course, we don't seem to have the problem in this country yet, but elsewhere, you've got major wars could easily start over water. 305 \ 00:39:28.720 --> 00:39:52.240 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: I can see that India and Bangladesh and all sorts of… certainly in Egypt, and the Sudan and Somalia, all major issues with the Nile on who can stop the water, who can let the water go, who has rights to the water, and I think people will go to war over it if we aren't very careful. And so, if you can come up with ways of using a lot less. 306 \ 00:39:52.530 --> 00:39:58.939 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: i.e, with composting toilets, then let's get over everyone's sort of built-in objection if they work fine. 307 \ 00:39:59.610 --> 00:40:10.010 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: Smarter diets, we've touched on many times about reducing your meat, and increasing your vegetable intake, and food waste is, is hugely 308 \ 00:40:10.380 --> 00:40:13.370 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: worth doing. And if you… 309 \ 00:40:13.720 --> 00:40:33.510 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: Obviously, you still need to generate waste, because, you know, plants arrive with rotten leaves and so forth, and you've got to take off the waste to get down to the best bit, whether it's sort of peas in pods, or whether it's Brussels sprouts, where you take off the outer layers, whatever it is, there is going to be waste, but you can do a lot more with it. 310 \ 00:40:35.350 --> 00:40:51.989 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: again, on the Isle of Wight, the garlic farm is using all of the waste from their restaurant, all the food waste which is permitted to be taken. So if it's taken off a plate, you can't do this with it, but if it's from the vegetables that you're producing to, or in the 311 \ 00:40:52.290 --> 00:41:10.229 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: restaurant menus, then you can turn it into compost. The compost goes back onto the gardens, which are producing the, in this case, garlic or other vegetables and fruits, and it's sort of a virtuous circle, and I think we need a lot more virtuous circles around the world. 312 \ 00:41:12.650 --> 00:41:17.100 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: And again, the more people that do this, so… 313 \ 00:41:17.330 --> 00:41:28.190 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: I just think that's an extraordinary number. Just reducing food waste alone can reduce gigatons of CO2 equivalent. I mean, that's a huge, huge number. 314 \ 00:41:30.020 --> 00:41:36.330 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: And we've got to do it sensibly, because otherwise… We get things wrong. 315 \ 00:41:37.420 --> 00:41:46.100 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: So, talking about sensors again, we've got to know, see what we're doing, and watch it, and correct it. 316 \ 00:41:46.450 --> 00:41:47.450 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: And then… 317 \ 00:41:47.900 --> 00:42:09.860 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: take the nasty stuff out of the atmosphere. So, having, spent a couple of centuries generating all these gases, now we need to start turning it around and taking them back out of the atmosphere. The problem is, of course, that, yes, we can do it, but it's hugely expensive energy-wise, in terms of large 318 \ 00:42:09.860 --> 00:42:11.090 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: large volumes. 319 \ 00:42:11.190 --> 00:42:19.340 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: So, again, direct air capture does work, but they're having to, I think, have to come up with the technology to make it a lot more efficient. 320 \ 00:42:22.100 --> 00:42:29.420 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: So, again, you can inject your CO2 back into reactive rock. 321 \ 00:42:29.910 --> 00:42:35.540 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: I'm not quite sure what happens to it when you have done, but because of it, it mineralizes, so… 322 \ 00:42:35.670 --> 00:42:44.030 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: I take it it becomes safe in terms of CO2, and useful in terms of having more minerals in the ground. 323 \ 00:42:46.280 --> 00:42:48.349 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: I think each of these… 324 \ 00:42:49.530 --> 00:43:03.550 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: topics on their own, on the left-hand side, sort of almost generates a presentation on their own. Certainly, the last two, ocean chemistry and the BioCar, are worthy of future. 325 \ 00:43:03.860 --> 00:43:15.710 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: presentations, which I'll be looking at, because I think they've got… and certainly BioCar is what we can do locally around us, so well worthwhile for parishes and towns to look at. 326 \ 00:43:17.020 --> 00:43:19.730 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: This is one where, you think. 327 \ 00:43:20.900 --> 00:43:33.109 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: what are the unintended consequences of something like this? But certainly, if you enhance the alinity of the ocean, then it can absorb a whole lot more CO2, 328 \ 00:43:34.400 --> 00:43:36.699 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: The question is. 329 \ 00:43:37.920 --> 00:43:44.769 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: Are we doing anything else in achieving that, that we ought not to, in terms of, 330 \ 00:43:44.940 --> 00:43:53.680 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: who lives in the oceans, how clean they stay, how, supportive of life they remain. I think Alfinity is a very, 331 \ 00:43:54.290 --> 00:44:01.409 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: Weird topic, and you have to be very, very careful, but clearly there is the opportunity to do a lot. 332 \ 00:44:03.000 --> 00:44:05.219 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: And you need lots of care, yeah. 333 \ 00:44:05.970 --> 00:44:14.250 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: But if you can improve the atmospheric, or reduce the atmospheric carbon by, you know, 50 times, then you think, well, that's well worth doing. 334 \ 00:44:15.250 --> 00:44:22.640 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: I've mentioned this before, that the carbon-14 diamond batteries are basically good for life, 335 \ 00:44:22.830 --> 00:44:28.690 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: And useful for anywhere where you need to put up a sensor, where there isn't electricity. 336 \ 00:44:30.340 --> 00:44:35.209 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: So, all things to look at in the future, which I will be doing on future topics, 337 \ 00:44:38.100 --> 00:44:47.480 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: fusion magnets, you know, the things that they're now doing. When I was looking at fusion a few years ago as part of a nuclear engineering course. 338 \ 00:44:47.550 --> 00:45:06.939 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: there was only one way of generating fusion, and that was in a tokamak Domart-type reactor, and now there are umpteen ways. There's all sorts of people coming up with completely different ways of looking at fusion, which bears no resemblance to the stuff that they're doing in the really large experiments, but… 339 \ 00:45:07.090 --> 00:45:16.549 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: I think there's one company that is expecting to generate electricity in 1932 from their fusion reactor, which is a date, 340 \ 00:45:16.600 --> 00:45:31.820 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: far earlier than I've seen it from anywhere else. Not even Hinkley Point, which is just a plain old fission reactor, is going to get generated electricity by 2032, so… I think that's extraordinary. So, basically, lots of things happening. 341 \ 00:45:31.900 --> 00:45:42.489 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: I'm very sorry that I didn't mention more specific ones in this presentation, which is what I initially intended to do, but I'm afraid stuff got in the way. 342 \ 00:45:44.720 --> 00:45:48.029 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: Again, I don't think there's much here that people didn't already know. 343 \ 00:45:48.390 --> 00:45:50.390 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: This, they thought, was perhaps 344 \ 00:45:50.920 --> 00:45:58.369 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: One of the most reassuring slides that we already have the technology to do this. 345 \ 00:45:58.860 --> 00:46:04.470 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: Most of it is the… getting it deployed, and getting people to accept, 346 \ 00:46:04.610 --> 00:46:15.819 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: that there are different ways of doing things, and that they will have to change their lives accordingly. You know, getting farmers to switch to satellites that tell them where to put their fertilizer is… 347 \ 00:46:17.140 --> 00:46:24.820 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: Can be tricky until you show them the savings that they can make, and the problems that they will have with, matched and runoff. 348 \ 00:46:25.050 --> 00:46:33.650 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: And so forth. And getting people to accept that heat pumps are, going to be a vast improvement over their oil or gas-fired boiler. 349 \ 00:46:34.040 --> 00:46:38.210 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: And… All, all, lots of… 350 \ 00:46:38.740 --> 00:46:51.799 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: education needed to get people to accept these technologies, but the technologies are not necessarily new. They are there, they are available, and we just need to get them up and running. 351 \ 00:46:52.400 --> 00:46:56.130 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: I think I've got some sources here, and that's it. 352 \ 00:46:56.300 --> 00:46:59.180 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: So let me come out of here and stop sharing. 353 \ 00:46:59.760 --> 00:47:06.049 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: Oh, good morning, David, or afternoon, David. Nice to see you. Sorry we had to lose Ruth. 354 \ 00:47:07.140 --> 00:47:11.630 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: Gary, good day to you, and please do start the ball rolling. 355 \ 00:47:13.470 --> 00:47:19.949 \ Garry Ford - Corsham Town Council: Yeah, thanks for that, Graham. I just wanted to point out that everything you were saying about farming 356 \ 00:47:20.240 --> 00:47:22.859 \ Garry Ford - Corsham Town Council: You could also apply to gardens. 357 \ 00:47:23.170 --> 00:47:27.919 \ Garry Ford - Corsham Town Council: So, what you're talking about, like, the food production, the fact they can be carbon… 358 \ 00:47:27.960 --> 00:47:43.679 \ Garry Ford - Corsham Town Council: sinks, they can absorb carbon, they can help with flooding and water management, they can also help with biodiversity, of course. So if all of, you know, the UK's gardens were more kind of, like, aligned as well as farming, that's a… that's a big… 359 \ 00:47:43.930 --> 00:47:45.959 \ Garry Ford - Corsham Town Council: A big result that you get. 360 \ 00:47:45.960 --> 00:47:57.640 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: I think there are lots of operations doing that, aren't there? I've seen the stuff. It's a good opportunity that I missed, but thank you very much. I will stick it in as an afterthought. 361 \ 00:47:57.640 --> 00:48:09.689 \ Garry Ford - Corsham Town Council: And it's something that people individually can do, of course, you know, and there is a lot of potential there, because there are a lot of gardens that obviously don't do any of those things at the moment, so, you know, it's… 362 \ 00:48:09.850 --> 00:48:11.620 \ Garry Ford - Corsham Town Council: worth… Considering. 363 \ 00:48:11.620 --> 00:48:15.609 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: It's one of the, what's the word I'm looking for? 364 \ 00:48:15.850 --> 00:48:31.500 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: paradoxes of our life, that often the most untidy gardens, the ones that are least looked after, are in fact the ones that are most biodiverse and the most helpful in terms of capturing carbon. But, yes, you're right. 365 \ 00:48:31.720 --> 00:48:32.880 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: Thank you. 366 \ 00:48:36.830 --> 00:48:39.650 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: I've stunned everybody else into silence. 367 \ 00:48:40.820 --> 00:48:48.530 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: So I'm sorry, I felt that this was a bit lacking today, but as I said, broken dogs got in the way. 368 \ 00:48:49.350 --> 00:48:50.669 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: Go on then, Frank. 369 \ 00:48:50.920 --> 00:48:58.670 \ Frank Deas: No, I think it's really good, and it's obviously some we knew already, others it just reminds us of, and others are new, so it's some great stuff in there. I think… 370 \ 00:48:59.430 --> 00:49:10.999 \ Frank Deas: My feeling looking at it all is the challenge is the complexity that underlies it, so that's the first situation, but then you have to sort of say, and you did allude to this in things like forestry, that 371 \ 00:49:11.070 --> 00:49:23.239 \ Frank Deas: new trees take a long time to get. I think we're near the benefit of all trees, but we're still, as the people in the know, trying to do these things, focusing on climate forests, and ignoring things like ancient grassland. 372 \ 00:49:23.240 --> 00:49:41.569 \ Frank Deas: Where the captured carbon in the mycelium that you find in ancient grassland, or species-rich grassland, is often higher than you'll get in a forest that's under about 50 or 60 years. But we produce grants, as governments, to plow up ancient grassland and plant trees, because that's how you capture carbon. 373 \ 00:49:41.910 --> 00:49:50.429 \ Frank Deas: And likewise, in terms of moving away from livestock, you're absolutely right, but the area of sterling that I'm in. 374 \ 00:49:50.550 --> 00:49:54.299 \ Frank Deas: There's so much marginal land that we'll never support arable 375 \ 00:49:54.530 --> 00:50:04.450 \ Frank Deas: farming of any sort. It's marginal land that sheep or cattle can give you some return on. Without much chemical intervention or without much additional work. 376 \ 00:50:04.520 --> 00:50:19.500 \ Frank Deas: If we move away entirely from livestock, and move away from that, we're actually increasing our food insecurity and reducing our resilience. So, it's not that any of the things you're saying aren't right, it's how we do them in a nuanced way, or, 377 \ 00:50:19.720 --> 00:50:29.920 \ Frank Deas: We're doing work at both communities on air source heat pumps, and one of the challenges is governments are still driving people into going on to this, because it's the right thing to do. 378 \ 00:50:30.020 --> 00:50:46.699 \ Frank Deas: But if you've not done energy retrofit, if you've not done a fabric-first approach, all it will do is push your bill up for heating, because you're not actually in a house that can be benefiting from air source. So it's just how we manage that next iteration, and the one after that, to acknowledge the complexity. 379 \ 00:50:47.730 --> 00:50:52.309 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: You're right, I'm just looking at something that I saw this morning, 380 \ 00:50:56.280 --> 00:50:58.859 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: Bear with me a second, I'm just looking it up. 381 \ 00:51:01.200 --> 00:51:07.830 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: That had to do with a new map that's been produced of the areas that you're speaking about. 382 \ 00:51:08.270 --> 00:51:16.359 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: If anyone else has anything to talk about, please do, whilst I'm just looking for this. 383 \ 00:51:59.260 --> 00:52:01.179 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: Okay, let's go with this one. 384 \ 00:52:15.160 --> 00:52:17.609 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: So, sorry, I'm just going to share this one now. 385 \ 00:52:29.170 --> 00:52:30.230 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: Except I'm not. 386 \ 00:52:30.590 --> 00:52:33.489 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: Just trying to… So here we have… 387 \ 00:52:33.850 --> 00:52:38.259 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: an article which came out, I think, just… just yesterday. 388 \ 00:52:38.750 --> 00:52:49.100 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: And there's a fungal wood-wide web, if you will. I mean, I did mention this during our presentation, about all these, 389 \ 00:52:49.350 --> 00:53:04.049 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: layers going on, but they've now produced a map to show what is the largest piece of infrastructure on the planet, and what does it do, which is where the bit I thought you'd be interested in later on. So… 390 \ 00:53:08.040 --> 00:53:19.040 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: you'd expect places to be blank or bright, such as deserts, for instance. So, going back to your bit about the UK, 391 \ 00:53:19.910 --> 00:53:20.900 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: So… 392 \ 00:53:21.010 --> 00:53:31.629 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: the density, in the north of Ireland and Great Britain, the light green bits, is far greater around New Scotland in your little, sort of, bit of sterling here. 393 \ 00:53:32.060 --> 00:53:34.409 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: Than it is down south. 394 \ 00:53:34.800 --> 00:53:44.719 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: And, weirdly, there's almost none in Poland, which I find extraordinary, because right next door, you've got, you know, Germany and Russia and so forth, and they're all… 395 \ 00:53:44.840 --> 00:53:51.820 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: quite good, but for some reason, this area is completely blank. The… 396 \ 00:53:51.930 --> 00:54:03.850 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: area here, you'd expect the Arabian desert to have virtually none, but lo and behold, there's a crescent all around it that you sort of tend to completely forget. And then this is the one that the 397 \ 00:54:03.960 --> 00:54:23.240 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: This is the top of the Tibetan Plateau, which is what you were saying about the ancient grasslands up here, and along the steps and so forth, is by far the most brilliant area for growing things. I'm just looking to see if the one that… 398 \ 00:54:27.030 --> 00:54:30.559 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: Highly responsive to elevation, so the, the big 399 \ 00:54:30.830 --> 00:54:42.519 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: grasslands, particularly in North America and Europe, and of course Russia and Asia, are wonderful places to be. In terms of, 400 \ 00:54:42.750 --> 00:54:43.880 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: Helping 401 \ 00:54:44.040 --> 00:54:51.730 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: CO2 capture, because the numbers that they've got here, I think, are extraordinary. I'm just trying to find the one that says 402 \ 00:54:53.860 --> 00:55:01.149 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: 40% of the world's micro-regional network is buried beneath the fields of grass on the Tepitin Plateau. 403 \ 00:55:01.320 --> 00:55:07.400 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: And the flooded grasslands of the Everglades. I mean, really, who thought that Florida would be important, but lo and behold. 404 \ 00:55:07.960 --> 00:55:10.600 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: In South Sudan, I find extraordinary. 405 \ 00:55:10.920 --> 00:55:16.029 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: So, every day's… oh, here we go, 4 billion tons of CO2. 406 \ 00:55:16.420 --> 00:55:18.830 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: Trapped. 407 \ 00:55:19.720 --> 00:55:27.579 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: So it's… the fungal network moves around 4 billion tons of carbon dioxide equivalent into the soil each year. 408 \ 00:55:27.870 --> 00:55:47.720 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: 11% of humanity's annual emissions. So, I just think it's extraordinary, and I have to say, today was the first I had heard of it. And so, Frank, it's very interesting that you came up and mentioned that, lo and behold, Scotland has got a much higher density of fungal, networking than we have down south. 409 \ 00:55:49.310 --> 00:56:03.610 \ Frank Deas: And the challenge is, if we ignore that at our peril, if we suddenly think, well, actually, we'll do what they're doing down south, because they probably know what they're doing, and plow it all up and plant trees. It's also great as providing sinks. 410 \ 00:56:03.780 --> 00:56:22.300 \ Frank Deas: If you plant trees, you generally improve the drainage of the soil to improve the trees' recovery, but that increases runoff, so we had a neighboring village that was about to wreck grassland, plant trees, and thereby increase its flood potential, because the water would no longer be held up in the campuses, it would just drain straight off into the village. 411 \ 00:56:22.300 --> 00:56:23.890 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: And were you able to correct them entirely? 412 \ 00:56:23.890 --> 00:56:42.240 \ Frank Deas: Yeah, yeah. It's got about 30 species of wax caps, which I didn't know anything about the type of fungi, so it's now a site of special scientific interest, due to local ecologists identifying this, measuring it, producing the stats, and then throwing it in the face of the Scottish Government and Nature's government and saying, you can't let this happen. 413 \ 00:56:42.740 --> 00:56:44.830 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: Fantastic. David Newman. 414 \ 00:56:45.220 --> 00:56:46.779 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: Good day to you, David. 415 \ 00:56:47.690 --> 00:56:55.559 \ David Newman: Hi, hello, I'm a bit late because we were down in town setting up a bank account for Nature in the lease. 416 \ 00:56:55.560 --> 00:56:56.080 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: Right? 417 \ 00:56:56.610 --> 00:57:07.470 \ David Newman: So… I wasn't surprised by A third of vegetables wasted. 418 \ 00:57:07.860 --> 00:57:13.250 \ David Newman: My PhD was on use of agricultural waste. 419 \ 00:57:14.560 --> 00:57:19.220 \ David Newman: In sugarcane, only 15% of it is sugar. 420 \ 00:57:20.760 --> 00:57:25.489 \ David Newman: And the big problem was what to do with the molasses. 421 \ 00:57:25.740 --> 00:57:27.909 \ David Newman: Well, obviously, you make rum from that. 422 \ 00:57:28.330 --> 00:57:30.520 \ David Newman: The baguette? 423 \ 00:57:30.770 --> 00:57:36.990 \ David Newman: Where you can make particle board, which falls apart when you nail it, and companies go bust. 424 \ 00:57:37.590 --> 00:57:39.339 \ David Newman: Bit of filter, man. 425 \ 00:57:39.730 --> 00:57:45.999 \ David Newman: And it's actually quite a big thing in agriculture. When we're eating wheat. 426 \ 00:57:46.140 --> 00:57:49.680 \ David Newman: There's a hell of a lot of stalk we're not eating. 427 \ 00:57:50.300 --> 00:57:50.820 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: Yes. 428 \ 00:57:50.820 --> 00:57:55.949 \ David Newman: That is one of the few advantages of ruminants. The… 429 \ 00:57:56.490 --> 00:58:15.949 \ David Newman: And, this was all known and worked on in the 70s. At the same time, there was the Association for Conservation of Energy that couldn't persuade businesses to change their production, their factories, to conserve energy. 430 \ 00:58:18.800 --> 00:58:22.990 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: I remember when the big fuss came out about… was it Freon? 431 \ 00:58:23.120 --> 00:58:32.540 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: Or, that nasty, really nasty stuff they used in, Transformers. Pcbs, was it? 432 \ 00:58:33.580 --> 00:58:43.549 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: And they discovered that not only could, something else be used, but that something else was, in fact, cheaper than the product that they were replacing. 433 \ 00:58:43.550 --> 00:58:44.020 \ David Newman: Hmm. 434 \ 00:58:44.020 --> 00:58:57.280 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: And I think, as you're saying, that people are finding out that, if you look at the facts rather carefully, there's no particular reason why things are done the way they're done today, 435 \ 00:58:57.540 --> 00:59:04.450 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: if you can come up with a better way, you've still got a huge job to persuade people, as you said. But I agree, it's, 436 \ 00:59:04.620 --> 00:59:18.699 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: I think everything we've… I've said many times, in the long run, everything comes back down to education, that if you can change the way that people think, and change the way they look at problems, then, a lot of the problems will disappear. 437 \ 00:59:20.090 --> 00:59:21.950 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: But… thank you. 438 \ 00:59:22.260 --> 00:59:27.520 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: Apart from feeding rumorants, what else can you do with the, the wheat shaft? 439 \ 00:59:28.240 --> 00:59:29.250 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: the stalk. 440 \ 00:59:30.750 --> 00:59:32.309 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: Does it have other uses? 441 \ 00:59:32.310 --> 00:59:41.350 \ David Newman: It's not strong enough Unlike bagass, it's not all that good for building materials. 442 \ 00:59:41.710 --> 00:59:43.929 \ David Newman: It is, however. 443 \ 00:59:44.590 --> 01:00:00.759 \ David Newman: something that can be converted to sugars. We're using microorganisms. You can separate out lignin from the cellulose, and use a cellulose to make artificial fibers. 444 \ 01:00:01.210 --> 01:00:08.109 \ David Newman: And, of course, it does actually burn easily. In Mauritius. 445 \ 01:00:08.110 --> 01:00:08.780 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: Put your. 446 \ 01:00:08.780 --> 01:00:16.310 \ David Newman: Well, all the electricity comes from sugarcane baggas being… excess bag gas being burnt in the sugar factories. 447 \ 01:00:16.900 --> 01:00:17.620 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: Yeah. 448 \ 01:00:18.710 --> 01:00:22.730 \ David Newman: It's a thing, of course, for ordinary 449 \ 01:00:23.010 --> 01:00:29.450 \ David Newman: Wheat stalks and so on, the usual thing is getting it dry enough to make it worse burning. 450 \ 01:00:30.930 --> 01:00:34.550 \ David Newman: Because otherwise, the energy goes in removing the water. 451 \ 01:00:35.910 --> 01:00:41.620 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: No, there was a time, was there not, when it was just plowed back in under the stalks? 452 \ 01:00:42.410 --> 01:00:45.049 \ David Newman: Well, it's a fair bit used for mulching. 453 \ 01:00:45.210 --> 01:00:46.930 \ David Newman: But that's not all of it. 454 \ 01:00:47.540 --> 01:00:48.420 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: No. 455 \ 01:00:49.370 --> 01:00:50.200 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: Right. 456 \ 01:00:51.300 --> 01:01:04.149 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: Well, I think you've come up with another principle, which is that there's lots we can do with what we've got, if only we could turn our minds to it, or get past people's, resistance. 457 \ 01:01:04.570 --> 01:01:08.239 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: And often identifying what the cause of the resistance is, is… 458 \ 01:01:08.820 --> 01:01:15.059 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: A bit frightening, because you can't believe that people have been going on like that for so many years without… 459 \ 01:01:15.270 --> 01:01:17.239 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: Questioning why they do it. 460 \ 01:01:18.940 --> 01:01:24.190 \ David Newman: Actually, it's the education in learning how to use the new things. 461 \ 01:01:24.720 --> 01:01:30.620 \ David Newman: When they made Particle Board in Mauritius, carpenters thought you could just nail it. 462 \ 01:01:31.450 --> 01:01:32.180 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: Right. 463 \ 01:01:32.350 --> 01:01:34.559 \ David Newman: And it falls apart when you do that. 464 \ 01:01:34.800 --> 01:01:43.550 \ David Newman: And they didn't have either a training program or a factory to make furniture, showing people everything. 465 \ 01:01:47.250 --> 01:01:47.830 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: Nope. 466 \ 01:01:47.950 --> 01:01:49.599 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: We're humans, aren't we? 467 \ 01:01:50.030 --> 01:01:58.030 \ David Newman: Or when they made baker's yeast for molasses, they didn't… They just showed… 468 \ 01:01:58.320 --> 01:02:08.069 \ David Newman: had a little turnkey thing where you built a factory, but no knowledge of how to make sure it was active by the time it got to India 3 months later. 469 \ 01:02:09.880 --> 01:02:10.700 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: Right. 470 \ 01:02:11.620 --> 01:02:15.279 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: That was a failed, enterprise, was it? 471 \ 01:02:15.490 --> 01:02:18.720 \ David Newman: Well, the point is, it's integrating. 472 \ 01:02:19.380 --> 01:02:24.069 \ David Newman: It's integrated systems that aren't just the factories. 473 \ 01:02:24.190 --> 01:02:24.730 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: But… 474 \ 01:02:24.730 --> 01:02:36.970 \ David Newman: the whole chain from getting the things, to marketing, to using, to approving it. It's the systems where there's a bit missing that make it fail. 475 \ 01:02:37.860 --> 01:02:38.580 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: Yes. 476 \ 01:02:39.900 --> 01:02:42.330 \ David Newman: And actually, education is part of that. 477 \ 01:02:43.570 --> 01:02:44.260 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: Right. 478 \ 01:02:46.150 --> 01:02:51.099 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: Gentlemen, thank you all so much for your time, 479 \ 01:02:51.620 --> 01:02:57.530 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: It was very nice to see you, very decent of you to show up, thank you, and next time we'll do better. Take care. 480 \ 01:02:57.930 --> 01:02:59.949 \ David Morgan-Jones: Cheers, Graham, bye. 481 \ 01:02:59.950 --> 01:03:00.599 \ Graham Stoddart-Stones - Great Collaboration - Bembridge: Am I? *** #### Markdown of presentation: Certainly. Below is the presentation converted into **Markdown text**, preserving the slide sequence and the main explanatory material. Community-climate-action ## Climate Action, Close to Home #### Individuals, farms and small communities in the UK We can improve daily life while cutting emissions. This presentation offers a practical sequence and a menu of possibilities — not a requirement for every household or community to do everything. *** ## STOP – SWITCH – STORE ### STOP — Unnecessary emissions * Waste less. * Share more. * Use less energy. ### SWITCH — Away from fossil fuels * Heat pumps. * Cleaner travel. * Renewable electricity. ### STORE — Carbon from the atmosphere * Restore living landscapes. * Support durable carbon removal. **Emissions cuts come first. Removal complements them.** *** ## Six Stages, Different Jobs ### AVOID + REDUCE Prevent an activity altogether, or meet the same need with less energy and material. Examples: * Borrow a drill instead of buying one. * Insulate a home. * Reduce wasted food. * Avoid an unnecessary journey. ### ELECTRIFY + RENEW Replace fossil-fuel equipment and supply more renewable electricity. Examples: * Replace an oil or gas boiler with a heat pump. * Generate electricity using solar panels. * Move appropriate transport from fossil fuels to electricity. ### REMOVE + STORE Take CO₂ from the atmosphere and then keep the carbon out of the atmosphere for a meaningful length of time. Examples include plants, direct air capture, biochar, minerals and geological storage. **Important distinction:** capturing fossil CO₂ at a chimney prevents an emission. It is not atmospheric carbon removal. *** ## Where the Big Opportunities Lie #### 31% — Domestic transport Share of UK territorial greenhouse-gas emissions, 2025. #### 22% — Buildings + products From the same national inventory. Heating is a major contributor. #### 60% — Electrification Share of emissions cuts by 2040 in the Climate Change Committee's Balanced Pathway. The first two figures describe emissions today. The third describes a modelled route forward — not a guaranteed outcome or household saving. *** ## Less Energy, More Comfort ### A measured building is easier to improve A village hall — or a household — can start simply: * Read meters and bills. * Match heating to occupancy. * Find draughts and heat loss. * Review the results monthly. * Improve insulation where appropriate. * Draught-proof sensibly. * Use LEDs and effective controls. A useful parish project could be to appoint a hall energy lead and record electricity and heating fuel use each month, together with occupancy and weather information. **Check timer settings before buying new equipment.** *** ## Heat Pumps Move Heat #### 1 unit of electricity ≈ 3 units of heat This is a typical illustration, not a fixed efficiency. Heat pumps obtain additional heat from the outside air or ground. Before installing one, consider: * Building heat loss * Radiators or other heat emitters * Hot-water requirements * Noise * Electrical supply * Electricity tariff A house does **not** have to be perfectly insulated before a heat pump can work. A useful community initiative could be trusted advice sessions and visits to successful local installations. *** ## Cleaner Journeys That Work Locally ### Short journeys Walking, wheeling and cycling where routes are safe and accessible. ### Shared journeys Better bus links, car clubs and community transport where demand supports them. ### Necessary car journeys An appropriately sized EV when the vehicle needs replacement, provided there is a workable charging plan. Rural journeys differ from urban journeys. Residents should not be blamed for failing to use alternatives that don't exist. A parish can help by identifying dangerous routes, working with the highway authority, providing secure cycle parking and exploring shared transport. *** ## Local Solar, Shared Benefits ### GENERATE Suitable roofs on: * Village halls * Farms * Schools * Homes can host solar panels. ### USE + SHIFT Match flexible demand and EV charging to periods when low-carbon electricity is available. ### STORE ELECTRICITY A battery can move available electricity from one part of the day to another. **An electricity battery is energy storage — not carbon storage.** A useful village feasibility study might examine: * Roof condition * Shading * Electricity consumption * Grid connection capacity * Ownership * Maintenance * Potential community ownership *** ## A Library of Things ### One useful tool. Many households. #### Borrow * Drills * Carpet cleaners * Garden tools * Other infrequently used equipment #### Keep things in use * Repair cafés * Reuse * Second-hand purchases The climate benefit arises when sharing actually **replaces new production**. A parish could provide a venue or work with an existing library or volunteer group. Start with things residents actually want to borrow. *** ## Food and Flights: Choices with Reach ### FOOD * Put less edible food in the bin. * Eat more plant-rich meals. * Eat less beef and lamb where feasible. * Plan meals. * Store food properly. * Use leftovers. * Redistribute safe surplus food. Community kitchens and shared meals can make lower-waste habits easier. ### FLIGHTS * Fly less frequently where possible. * Make longer visits rather than several short ones. * Use rail where practical. * Treat claims of "carbon-neutral" flying with care. Aviation has climate effects beyond its direct CO₂ emissions. *** ## Living Landscapes Need Long-Term Care ### HEDGES + TREES * Protect what is already there. * Restore gaps. * Choose species and sites carefully. ### HEALTHY SOILS * Keep living roots. * Maintain ground cover. * Reduce erosion. * Avoid unnecessary disturbance. ### WETLANDS + PEAT Protect carbon-rich habitats and work with specialists on restoration. Trees and hedges can draw down CO₂ while also providing shade and habitat. But planting trees in the wrong place can damage species-rich grassland or peat. Long-term management matters as much as planting. *** ## The Fungal Network Beneath Our Feet Plants supply sugars to fungi. Fungi help plants obtain nutrients. But: **Carbon moving into soil is not necessarily the same thing as carbon staying there.** Practical priorities include: * Living roots * Diverse planting * Less unnecessary soil disturbance Mycorrhizal fungi form associations with plant roots and play important roles in nutrient exchange, carbon cycling and soil structure. Research — including work at the University of Sheffield — is investigating these relationships. Community trials could examine plant performance and soil condition, but should **not promise carbon credits simply from fungal inoculation**. *** ## Biochar: A Possible Local Partnership #### Plant residues → pyrolysis → biochar ### THE OPPORTUNITY Convert suitable biomass into a more persistent carbon-rich material. ### THE LOCAL ROLE * Partner with a qualified producer. * Trial a tested product with land managers. Pyrolysis heats biomass with limited oxygen. Some of the carbon can remain in biochar for centuries or longer, depending upon the feedstock, production process and environment. But proper assessment must include: * Source of biomass * What would otherwise have happened to it * Transport * Process emissions * Air quality * Contaminants * Product quality * Permitted uses For a village, a partnership feasibility study is generally more appropriate than assuming the community should buy its own kiln. *** ## Enhanced Weathering: A Farm-Scale Trial Crushed silicate rock can accelerate natural CO₂-consuming reactions. This is promising, but measurement is challenging. Important considerations include: * Rock chemistry * Grinding and transport * Soil effects * Water effects * Verified net carbon removal The best local approach would be a **monitored trial with researchers and an experienced farming partner**. Removal rates depend upon the mineral, soil, climate and subsequent chemical processes. Unsupervised coastal spreading should be avoided. *** ## The Technology Frontier ### DIRECT AIR CAPTURE Captures CO₂ directly from the atmosphere. Durable storage and low-carbon energy are needed to complete the job. ### BECCS Bioenergy combined with carbon capture and storage. Land use and biomass sourcing are crucial. ### EMERGING METHODS These include: * Electrochemical capture * Ocean alkalinity * Biologically accelerated weathering These technologies are worth watching, but they generally require research or specialist infrastructure rather than being first projects for a parish. **An announced plant capacity is not the same thing as verified tonnes of CO₂ permanently stored.** *** ## Removal Only Helps if Storage Lasts ### TREES + SOILS Valuable living carbon stores, but fire, decay and changes in management can release the carbon again. ### BIOCHAR Potentially stores carbon for centuries or longer. Durability depends upon the material and how it is used. ### MINERALS + GEOLOGY Potentially provide very long-term storage. Verification and site integrity still matter. When assessing a carbon-removal proposal, ask: * Is the removal additional? * Is the amount net of all associated emissions? * Has the removal actually happened? * How long will the carbon remain stored? * Who monitors it? * What happens if the storage reverses? * Is the carbon benefit being counted only once? **Carbon removal complements deep emissions reductions. It cannot currently substitute for them.** *** ## A Practical Division of Effort ### INDIVIDUALS * Develop a home energy plan. * Avoid wasted purchases. * Consider the climate implications of the next heating decision. * Consider the next transport decision. ### PARISH + VILLAGE * Improve community buildings. * Develop safer walking and cycling routes. * Establish shared tools. * Investigate community solar. ### FARMS + LANDOWNERS * Care for hedgerows. * Protect soils. * Consider properly monitored biochar partnerships. * Consider enhanced-weathering trials with suitable research partners. Community projects should include tenants, people without cars or driveways, residents on low incomes and people with mobility needs. *** ## The First 90 Days ### DAYS 1–30 * Listen to residents. * Measure the village hall. * Identify potential partners. * Appoint an accountable lead. ### DAYS 31–60 Choose: * **one energy project**, and * **one sharing or landscape project**. ### DAYS 61–90 * Agree costs. * Agree responsibilities. * Begin. * Measure what happens. * Share the results. Track real measures: * Energy in kWh as well as £. * Lending activity alongside purchases avoided. * Planting survival as well as area planted. Keep records of **emissions avoided** separate from **carbon removed**. Success need not mean installing something. A well-supported feasibility study that tells a community what *not* to do can also be a successful project. *** ## Our Village Carbon Hierarchy ### AVOID **Borrow a tool • Skip a flight** ↓ ### REDUCE **Insulate • Waste less food** ↓ ### ELECTRIFY **Heat pumps • EVs where needed** ↓ ### RENEW **Rooftop solar • Flexible demand** ↓ ### REMOVE **Grow hedges • Verified carbon removal** ↓ ### STORE **Stable biochar • Minerals • Geology** *** ## STOP → SWITCH → STORE The priorities broadly run from left to right, although action can happen in parallel. **STOP:** Avoid unnecessary demand and reduce what remains. **SWITCH:** Electrify suitable activities and expand renewable electricity. **STORE:** Remove atmospheric carbon and provide durable storage for residual emissions that are hardest to eliminate. The central principle is simple: > **Don't start by asking how we can remove our carbon emissions. Start by asking which emissions we don't need to create in the first place.** And for a village or small community, perhaps the most useful final question is: ### **Which project could we start together?** --- # Agent Instructions This documentation is published with GitBook. GitBook is the documentation platform designed so that both humans and AI agents can read, navigate, and reason over technical content effectively. Learn more at gitbook.com. ## Querying This Documentation If you need additional information that is not directly available in this page, you can query the documentation by asking a question. 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